Studying the disease’s pathophysiology and functional circuitry can shape the electrode technology and new electrode designs can illuminate the different aspects of neural activity resulting in better targeting and improved therapies. Using peri-operative electrophysiology (e.g., EEG, EMG, PF, LFP, SUA), signal processing, machine-learning decoding, wearable sensors, and neuromodulation (e.g., SCS & DBS), we are developing new tools for purposes such as high-resolution functional brain/spine mapping, electrophysiology-guided target localization, improving electrode placement, electrophysiology-guided clinical programming, robust and rapid data visualization, diagnostic and prognostic tools, integrating smart health wearable into clinical decision-making, and optimizing therapy.